The Israel-Iran confrontation that was initiated through Israeli Operation Rising Lion on 13 June 2025, recently culminated with US Operation Midnight Hammer – aiming at destroying three major Iranian nuclear sites – during the night of 21-22 June 2025. In the latter’s framework, B-2 stealth bombers from the US Air Force dropped fourteen GBU-57 ‘bunker buster’ bombs on Fordow and Natanz, while a US Navy submarine launched Tomahawk missiles at Isfahan. This e-Note aims at drawing the first lessons for the most involved actors.
(The recent e-Note 75 drew the first lessons for Tel Aviv and Tehran from Operation Rising Lion.)
Research lines: Middle East and North Africa ; Non-Arab Muslim World
e-Note 76
US-Iran Showdown: First Lessons from Operation Midnight Hammer