On 13 June 2025, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) launched Operation Rising Lion, a sustained and coordinated aerial campaign targeting the Islamic Republic of Iran’s (IRI) nuclear and military infrastructure. This e-Note aims at drawing the first lessons for Tel Aviv and Tehran. (A subsequent e-Note will address the first takeaways from US Operation Midnight Hammer.)
Download e-Note 75Research lines: Middle East and North Africa ; Non-Arab Muslim World
